Estimating pertussis incidence in general practice using a large Australian primary care database

BackgroundWhile pertussis is notifiable in most countries, notifications typically underestimate the true pertussis burden. We explored the incidence of pertussis in general practice in Australia.MethodsUsing MedicineInsight, a large longitudinal electronic medical record database of general practice (primary care) encounters which includes >1.5 million patients, we first defined a cohort of active patients and then used free-text search algorithms to identify patients with pertussis-related encounters. We defined and identified pertussis-related encounters in four patient categories: pertussis-associated (category 1), potential pertussis (category 2), epidemiologically-linked pertussis (category 3), and symptoms consistent with pertussis (category 4). Incident pertussis-related encounter rates per 100,000 active patients were calculated from Jan 2008 to Aug 2015.ResultsEstimated mean annual pertussis incidence increased as definitions were expanded, from 94.3 (category 1 patients only) to 148.8 (categories 1+2+3 patients combined) per 100,000 active patients per year. Monthly time-series corresponding to the first three categories were highly correlated (Pearson’s r > 90% for each pair), but each was poorly correlated with category 4. For categories 1+2+3, the highest incidence was among 0–4 and 5–9 year olds. Incidence was 30% higher in females than males (i.e. 184.5 vs 139.8 per 100,00 active patients for categories 1–3 patients combined). Pertussis-associated incidence (category 1) was similar to national pertussis notification rates. Categories 2 and 3 added 25% and 33%, respectively, on average relative to category 1 incidence. The estimated incidence from categories 1+2+3 together were on average 64% higher than national pertussis notification rates.ConclusionWe provide comprehensive estimates of pertussis-related incidence in general practice (primary care), well in excess of notified pertussis incidence in Australia. This highlights the utility of MedicineInsight data in providing a greater understanding of the burden of medically-attended pertussis infections.     

The burden of digestive disease across Europe: Facts and policies

The past decade has witnessed a significant increase in the incidence of GI diseases across Europe. There are clear differences in outcomes for patients in Europe based on geographical and economic differences, and there is a worrying inequality in the provision of healthcare across the continent. Recent demographic studies have highlighted the heavy burden of GI disease across Europe. There is increasing demand for endoscopic procedures which are becoming increasingly more complex and demand further expertise and training. A co-ordinated and cohesive approach to research, specialist training and healthcare funding is required to overcome these inequalities.     

超声多探头检查在新生儿颅脑疾病诊断中的应用

目的研究超声低频探头和低频探头联合高频探头检查在新生儿颅脑疾病诊断中的准确率和敏感性。 方法选取河源市妇幼保健院自2017年1月至2018年12月收治的有颅脑疾病高危因素(早产、低体质量、多胎妊娠、出生过程有缺氧窒息及产时感染)的新生儿90例作为研究对象。采用随机数字表法将所有新生儿平均分为2组，研究组（45例）给予低频探头联合高频探头进行探查，对照组（45例）仅给予低频探头进行探查。结合CT检查结果和临床治疗，比较2种检测方法的准确率和敏感性。 结果研究组检测新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病、脑室内出血和室管膜下出血诊断准确率分别为87.5%、100%、100%，高于相应对照组（15.38%、12.5%、0%），差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）；研究组和对照组检测脑实质内出血和脑积水的诊断准确率分别为87.5%、100%以及42.85%、66.67%，差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。研究组检测新生儿颅脑疾病的效率为82.22%，高于对照组（22.22%），差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论使用超声低频探头联合高频探头的方法提高了缺氧缺血性脑病、脑室内出血、室管膜下出血等新生儿颅脑疾病诊断的准确率，在诊断新生儿脑实质内出血和脑积水的准确率没有差异，且对颅脑疾病诊断的敏感性较高，因此具有较为重要的临床意义。     

低频电刺激联合膀胱功能训练治疗脊髓损伤诱发的神经源性膀胱的效果评价

目的 评价低频电刺激联合膀胱功能训练治疗脊髓损伤(SCI)诱发的神经源性膀胱(NB)的效果。方法 选取2017年5月～2019年2月我院骨科门诊就诊的SCI诱发NB患者90例,随机分为观察组与单纯组,每组各45例。观察组予以低频电刺激联合膀胱功能训练治疗,单纯组予以单纯的膀胱功能训练,两组均治疗6周。评估两组治疗前后排尿情况及尿动力学指标的变化,并比较其临床疗效。结果 治疗6周后,两组日均单次排尿量和日单次最大排尿量较治疗前明显增加,日均排尿次数较治疗前明显下降(P0.05或P0.01),且观察组变化幅度较单纯组更显著(P0.05);两组膀胱内压力和Qmax较治疗前明显上升,RU较治疗前明显下降(P0.05或P0.01),且观察组变化幅度较单纯组更显著(P0.05);同时观察组临床总有效率(95.56%)明显高于单纯组(82.22%)(χ2=4.053,P0.05)。结论 低频电刺激联合膀胱功能训练用于治疗SCI诱发NB患者的效果确切,能更明显改善患者的排尿情况及尿动力学状态。     

2016年广西肿瘤登记地区恶性肿瘤发病和死亡分析

目的 分析2016年广西肿瘤登记地区恶性肿瘤发病和死亡情况。 方法 对2016年广西31个肿瘤登记处的肿瘤登记数据进行分析，按城乡、性别、年龄别对数据进行分层，分别计算恶性肿瘤发病和死亡的粗率、标化率、累积率（0～74岁）和前10位恶性肿瘤构成。人口标准化率采用2000年全国普查标准人口年龄构成和Segi's 世界标准人口年龄构成计算。 结果 纳入分析的31个登记处共覆盖人口11 628 368人（其中城市6 698 487人，农村4 929 881人），恶性肿瘤新发病例28 140例，发病粗率、中标率、世标率和累积率（0～74岁）分别为241.99/10万、196.89/10万、192.26/10万、21.90%；无论是中标率还是世标率，男性均高于女性，城市地区均高于农村地区。恶性肿瘤发病在40岁以后快速上升，在80岁年龄组时达到高峰。发病前10位恶性肿瘤依次为肝癌、肺癌、乳腺癌、结直肠癌、宫颈癌、胃癌、鼻咽癌、前列腺癌、子宫肿瘤和脑瘤，占全部恶性肿瘤发病的75.65%。恶性肿瘤死亡病例17 647例，死亡粗率、中标率、世标率和累积率（0～74岁）分别为151.76/10万、119.05/10万、117.31/10万、13.27%；无论中标率还是世标率，男性均高于女性，城市地区均低于农村地区。恶性肿瘤死亡在40岁以后快速上升，在85岁年龄组时达到高峰。死亡前10位恶性肿瘤依次为肝癌、肺癌、结直肠癌、胃癌、乳腺癌、鼻咽癌、宫颈癌、食管癌、前列腺癌和白血病，占全部恶性肿瘤死亡的81.74%。结论  2016年广西肿瘤登记地区恶性肿瘤发病率和死亡率略高于2015年，肝癌、肺癌、结直肠癌、乳腺癌和鼻咽癌是重点防控的癌种。     

2000—2015年中国肿瘤登记地区胃癌发病趋势及年龄变化

目的 了解中国胃癌发病趋势及年龄变化,为胃癌防控提供依据。方法 基于22个有连续数据的登记处,整理2000—2015年胃癌发病数据,利用Joinpoint软件进行发病趋势分析。分析2000—2015年平均发病年龄,2000及2015年标化年龄别发病构成,构建出生队列并计算1920—2015年出生人群发病率、年龄别发病率。结果 2000—2015年中国22个肿瘤登记地区胃癌标化发病率呈现下降趋势,平均每年下降3.0%(-3.5~-2.4%)。人群出现发病年龄后移趋势,人口结构标化后除农村地区外各人群发病年龄的后移趋势消失。农村地区发病年龄上升趋势明显,高年龄发病患者占比增加。结论 胃癌发病率出现下降趋势,平均发病年龄出现后移趋势。     

Incidence of community-acquired pneumonia in urban China: A national population-based study

BackgroundCommunity-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is one of the major global health problems worldwide. However, the epidemiological information of CAP is limited in China. This study aimed to estimate the incidence rate of CAP and describe the epidemiologic characteristics among the Chinese population.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective analysis of CAP incidence using the Chinese Urban Basic Medical Insurance database of 23 provinces in 2016, which covered 427.52 million urban beneficiaries of all age groups in Mainland China. CAP episodes were identified using a diagnosis-term-derived algorithm, and multiple CAP records of one single person within 90 continuous days were considered as one single episode. The incidence rates were calculated and described by sex, age, region, and season.ResultsA total of 1.42 million patients were identified as having one or more CAP episodes, and finally a sum of 1.48 million CAP episodes were counted. The overall incidence of CAP was 7.13 (95% CI: 6.11–8.15) per 1000 person-years, in males 7.32 (95% CI: 6.28–8.35) and females 6.93 (95% CI: 5.92–7.94) per 1000 person-years, respectively. The incidence varied by age with a U-shaped curve peaking in children aged < 5 years old [65.80 (95% CI: 62.52–69.08)] and elderly population aged ≥ 80 years old [14.98 (95% CI: 13.63–16.34)]. The incidence varied markedly by regions. Furthermore, the rate showed a clear seasonal trend, which peaked in spring, decreased in summer and autumn, and re-ascended in winter.ConclusionThis study reveals a relatively high level of CAP incidence in China. These findings provide baseline data for establishing effective prevention strategies, targeted at susceptible populations, regions, and seasons in China.